Hierarchical clustering is an agglomerative method that uses a dissimilarity matrix to group individuals. It is represented by a dendrogram that can be cut at a certain level to form the final clusters.
cluster(x, ...)
# S3 method for default
cluster(x, ...)
# S3 method for dist
cluster(x, method = "complete", fun = NULL, ...)
# S3 method for Cluster
str(object, max.level = NA, digits.d = 3L, ...)
# S3 method for Cluster
labels(object, ...)
# S3 method for Cluster
nobs(object, ...)
# S3 method for Cluster
predict(object, k = NULL, h = NULL, ...)
# S3 method for Cluster
augment(x, data, k = NULL, h = NULL, ...)
# S3 method for Cluster
plot(
x,
y,
labels = TRUE,
hang = -1,
check = TRUE,
type = "vertical",
lab = "Height",
...
)
# S3 method for Cluster
autoplot(
object,
labels = TRUE,
type = "vertical",
circ.text.size = 3,
theme = theme_sciviews(),
xlab = "",
ylab = "Height",
...
)
# S3 method for Cluster
chart(data, ..., type = NULL, env = parent.frame())Arguments
- x
A
Dissimilarityobject.- ...
Further arguments for the methods (see their respective manpages).
- method
The agglomeration method used.
"complete"by default. Other options depend on the functionfun =used. For the default one, you can also use"single","average","mcquitty","ward.D","ward.D2","centroid", or"median".- fun
The function to use to do the calculation. By default, it is
fastcluster::hclust(), an fast and memory-optimized version of the default R functionstats::hclust(). You can also useflashClust::hclust(),cluster::agnes(),cluster::diana(), as well as, any other function that returns anhclustobject, or something convertible tohclustwithas.hclust(). The default (NULL) means that the fastcluster implementation is used.- object
A
clusterobject.- max.level
The maximum level to present.
- digits.d
The number of digits to print.
- k
The number of clusters to get.
- h
The height where the dendrogram should be cut (give either
k =orh =, but not both at the same time).- data
The original dataset
- y
Do not use it.
- labels
Should we show the labels (
TRUEby default).- hang
The fraction of the plot height at which labels should hang below (by default, -1 meaning labels are all placed at the extreme of the plot).
- check
The validity of the
clusterobject is verified first to avoid crashing R. You can put it atFALSEto speed up computation if you are really sure your object is valid.- type
The type of dendrogram, by default,
"vertical". It could also be"horizontal"(more readable when there are many observations), or"circular"(even more readable with many observations, but more difficult to chose the cutting level).- lab
The label of the y axis (vertical) or x axis (horizontal), by default
"Height".- circ.text.size
Size of the text for a circular dendrogram
- theme
The ggplot2 theme to use, by default, it is
theme_sciviews().- xlab
Label of the x axis (nothing by default)
- ylab
Label of the y axis, by default
"Height".- env
The environment where to evaluate formulas. If you don't understand this, it means you should not touch it!
Value
A Cluster object inheriting from hclust. Specific methods are: str() (compact display of the object content), labels() (get the labels for the observations), nobs() (number of observations), predict() (get the clusters, given a cutting level), augment() (add the groups to the original data frame or tibble), plot() (create a dendrogram as base R plot), autoplot() (create a dendrogram as a ggplot2), and chart() (create a dendrogram as a chart variant of a ggplot2).
See also
Examples
SciViews::R
iris <- read("iris", package = "datasets")
iris_num <- iris[, -5] # Only numeric columns from iris
# Cluster the 150 flowers
iris_dis <- dissimilarity(iris_num, method = "euclidean", scale = TRUE)
(iris_clust <- cluster(iris_dis, method = "complete"))
#>
#> Call:
#> cluster.dist(x = iris_dis, method = "complete")
#>
#> Cluster method : complete
#> Distance : euclidean
#> Number of objects: 150
#>
str(iris_clust) # More useful
#> --[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 150 members at h = 6.51]
#> |--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 77 members at h = 4.07]
#> | |--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 66 members at h = 2.55]
#> | | |--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 22 members at h = 1.47]
#> | | | |--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 10 members at h = 0.977]
#> | | | | |--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 3 members at h = 0.502]
#> | | | | | |--leaf 101
#> | | | | | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 2 members at h = 0.211]
#> | | | | | |--leaf 137
#> | | | | | `--leaf 149
#> | | | | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 7 members at h = 0.81]
#> | | | | |--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 4 members at h = 0.481]
#> | | | | | |--leaf 145
#> | | | | | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 3 members at h = 0.362]
#> | | | | | |--leaf 141
#> | | | | | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 2 members at h = 0.166]
#> | | | | | |--leaf 121
#> | | | | | `--leaf 144
#> | | | | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 3 members at h = 0.551]
#> | | | | |--leaf 125
#> | | | | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 2 members at h = 0.427]
#> | | | | |--leaf 111
#> | | | | `--leaf 116
#> | | | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 12 members at h = 1.12]
#> | | | |--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 5 members at h = 0.678]
#> | | | | |--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 2 members at h = 0.338]
#> | | | | | |--leaf 142
#> | | | | | `--leaf 146
#> | | | | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 3 members at h = 0.437]
#> | | | | |--leaf 103
#> | | | | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 2 members at h = 0.265]
#> | | | | |--leaf 113
#> | | | | `--leaf 140
#> | | | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 7 members at h = 0.867]
#> | | | |--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 4 members at h = 0.481]
#> | | | | |--leaf 104
#> | | | | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 3 members at h = 0.406]
#> | | | | |--leaf 148
#> | | | | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 2 members at h = 0.259]
#> | | | | |--leaf 117
#> | | | | `--leaf 138
#> | | | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 3 members at h = 0.505]
#> | | | |--leaf 105
#> | | | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 2 members at h = 0.131]
#> | | | |--leaf 129
#> | | | `--leaf 133
#> | | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 44 members at h = 2.39]
#> | | |--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 15 members at h = 1.6]
#> | | | |--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 5 members at h = 0.876]
#> | | | | |--leaf 114
#> | | | | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 4 members at h = 0.695]
#> | | | | |--leaf 115
#> | | | | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 3 members at h = 0.376]
#> | | | | |--leaf 122
#> | | | | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 2 members at h = 0]
#> | | | | |--leaf 102
#> | | | | `--leaf 143
#> | | | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 10 members at h = 1.08]
#> | | | |--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 3 members at h = 0.805]
#> | | | | |--leaf 109
#> | | | | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 2 members at h = 0.528]
#> | | | | |--leaf 73
#> | | | | `--leaf 147
#> | | | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 7 members at h = 0.884]
#> | | | |--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 2 members at h = 0.465]
#> | | | | |--leaf 84
#> | | | | `--leaf 135
#> | | | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 5 members at h = 0.707]
#> | | | |--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 2 members at h = 0.372]
#> | | | | |--leaf 55
#> | | | | `--leaf 134
#> | | | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 3 members at h = 0.457]
#> | | | |--leaf 112
#> | | | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 2 members at h = 0.265]
#> | | | |--leaf 124
#> | | | `--leaf 127
#> | | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 29 members at h = 1.99]
#> | | |--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 8 members at h = 0.951]
#> | | | |--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 4 members at h = 0.461]
#> | | | | |--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 2 members at h = 0.215]
#> | | | | | |--leaf 66
#> | | | | | `--leaf 87
#> | | | | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 2 members at h = 0.312]
#> | | | | |--leaf 51
#> | | | | `--leaf 53
#> | | | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 4 members at h = 0.628]
#> | | | |--leaf 78
#> | | | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 3 members at h = 0.566]
#> | | | |--leaf 77
#> | | | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 2 members at h = 0.288]
#> | | | |--leaf 59
#> | | | `--leaf 76
#> | | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 21 members at h = 1.48]
#> | | |--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 7 members at h = 1.02]
#> | | | |--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 4 members at h = 0.522]
#> | | | | |--leaf 71
#> | | | | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 3 members at h = 0.267]
#> | | | | |--leaf 150
#> | | | | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 2 members at h = 0.133]
#> | | | | |--leaf 128
#> | | | | `--leaf 139
#> | | | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 3 members at h = 0.679]
#> | | | |--leaf 86
#> | | | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 2 members at h = 0.312]
#> | | | |--leaf 52
#> | | | `--leaf 57
#> | | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 14 members at h = 1.26]
#> | | |--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 6 members at h = 0.663]
#> | | | |--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 2 members at h = 0.242]
#> | | | | |--leaf 67
#> | | | | `--leaf 85
#> | | | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 4 members at h = 0.447]
#> | | | |--leaf 65
#> | | | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 3 members at h = 0.265]
#> | | | |--leaf 97
#> | | | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 2 members at h = 0.187]
#> | | | |--leaf 89
#> | | | `--leaf 96
#> | | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 8 members at h = 0.71]
#> | | |--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 4 members at h = 0.457]
#> | | | |--leaf 62
#> | | | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 3 members at h = 0.296]
#> | | | |--leaf 92
#> | | | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 2 members at h = 0.211]
#> | | | |--leaf 64
#> | | | `--leaf 79
#> | | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 4 members at h = 0.502]
#> | | |--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 2 members at h = 0.242]
#> | | | |--leaf 75
#> | | | `--leaf 98
#> | | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 2 members at h = 0.418]
#> | | |--leaf 72
#> | | `--leaf 74
#> | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 11 members at h = 2.81]
#> | |--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 3 members at h = 1.18]
#> | | |--leaf 110
#> | | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 2 members at h = 0.395]
#> | | |--leaf 118
#> | | `--leaf 132
#> | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 8 members at h = 1.72]
#> | |--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 2 members at h = 0.615]
#> | | |--leaf 119
#> | | `--leaf 123
#> | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 6 members at h = 1.11]
#> | |--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 2 members at h = 0.541]
#> | | |--leaf 126
#> | | `--leaf 130
#> | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 4 members at h = 0.854]
#> | |--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 2 members at h = 0.312]
#> | | |--leaf 108
#> | | `--leaf 131
#> | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 2 members at h = 0.405]
#> | |--leaf 106
#> | `--leaf 136
#> `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 73 members at h = 5.74]
#> |--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 24 members at h = 3.19]
#> | |--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 5 members at h = 1.8]
#> | | |--leaf 42
#> | | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 4 members at h = 1.19]
#> | | |--leaf 61
#> | | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 3 members at h = 0.521]
#> | | |--leaf 99
#> | | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 2 members at h = 0.259]
#> | | |--leaf 58
#> | | `--leaf 94
#> | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 19 members at h = 1.83]
#> | |--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 7 members at h = 1.25]
#> | | |--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 3 members at h = 0.607]
#> | | | |--leaf 88
#> | | | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 2 members at h = 0.372]
#> | | | |--leaf 69
#> | | | `--leaf 120
#> | | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 4 members at h = 0.778]
#> | | |--leaf 63
#> | | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 3 members at h = 0.486]
#> | | |--leaf 54
#> | | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 2 members at h = 0.143]
#> | | |--leaf 81
#> | | `--leaf 82
#> | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 12 members at h = 1.51]
#> | |--leaf 107
#> | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 11 members at h = 0.902]
#> | |--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 7 members at h = 0.707]
#> | | |--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 3 members at h = 0.406]
#> | | | |--leaf 91
#> | | | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 2 members at h = 0.294]
#> | | | |--leaf 70
#> | | | `--leaf 90
#> | | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 4 members at h = 0.433]
#> | | |--leaf 80
#> | | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 3 members at h = 0.353]
#> | | |--leaf 68
#> | | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 2 members at h = 0.236]
#> | | |--leaf 83
#> | | `--leaf 93
#> | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 4 members at h = 0.742]
#> | |--leaf 60
#> | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 3 members at h = 0.31]
#> | |--leaf 95
#> | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 2 members at h = 0.227]
#> | |--leaf 56
#> | `--leaf 100
#> `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 49 members at h = 3.79]
#> |--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 7 members at h = 1.39]
#> | |--leaf 16
#> | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 6 members at h = 0.973]
#> | |--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 2 members at h = 0.452]
#> | | |--leaf 33
#> | | `--leaf 34
#> | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 4 members at h = 0.66]
#> | |--leaf 15
#> | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 3 members at h = 0.502]
#> | |--leaf 19
#> | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 2 members at h = 0.227]
#> | |--leaf 6
#> | `--leaf 17
#> `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 42 members at h = 2.26]
#> |--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 22 members at h = 1.21]
#> | |--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 13 members at h = 0.818]
#> | | |--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 3 members at h = 0.386]
#> | | | |--leaf 37
#> | | | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 2 members at h = 0.286]
#> | | | |--leaf 21
#> | | | `--leaf 32
#> | | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 10 members at h = 0.632]
#> | | |--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 8 members at h = 0.428]
#> | | | |--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 3 members at h = 0.294]
#> | | | | |--leaf 27
#> | | | | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 2 members at h = 0.121]
#> | | | | |--leaf 8
#> | | | | `--leaf 40
#> | | | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 5 members at h = 0.362]
#> | | | |--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 3 members at h = 0.187]
#> | | | | |--leaf 41
#> | | | | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 2 members at h = 0.131]
#> | | | | |--leaf 1
#> | | | | `--leaf 18
#> | | | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 2 members at h = 0.236]
#> | | | |--leaf 28
#> | | | `--leaf 29
#> | | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 2 members at h = 0.496]
#> | | |--leaf 24
#> | | `--leaf 44
#> | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 9 members at h = 1.03]
#> | |--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 3 members at h = 0.534]
#> | | |--leaf 23
#> | | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 2 members at h = 0.178]
#> | | |--leaf 5
#> | | `--leaf 38
#> | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 6 members at h = 0.551]
#> | |--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 2 members at h = 0.121]
#> | | |--leaf 11
#> | | `--leaf 49
#> | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 4 members at h = 0.353]
#> | |--leaf 22
#> | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 3 members at h = 0.313]
#> | |--leaf 45
#> | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 2 members at h = 0.143]
#> | |--leaf 20
#> | `--leaf 47
#> `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 20 members at h = 1.28]
#> |--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 10 members at h = 0.764]
#> | |--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 5 members at h = 0.4]
#> | | |--leaf 43
#> | | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 4 members at h = 0.283]
#> | | |--leaf 4
#> | | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 3 members at h = 0.17]
#> | | |--leaf 30
#> | | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 2 members at h = 0.133]
#> | | |--leaf 3
#> | | `--leaf 48
#> | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 5 members at h = 0.688]
#> | |--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 2 members at h = 0.256]
#> | | |--leaf 36
#> | | `--leaf 50
#> | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 3 members at h = 0.395]
#> | |--leaf 7
#> | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 2 members at h = 0.17]
#> | |--leaf 12
#> | `--leaf 25
#> `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 10 members at h = 0.901]
#> |--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 3 members at h = 0.337]
#> | |--leaf 9
#> | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 2 members at h = 0.211]
#> | |--leaf 14
#> | `--leaf 39
#> `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 7 members at h = 0.373]
#> |--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 3 members at h = 0.187]
#> | |--leaf 31
#> | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 2 members at h = 0.131]
#> | |--leaf 10
#> | `--leaf 35
#> `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 4 members at h = 0.297]
#> |--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 2 members at h = 0.166]
#> | |--leaf 2
#> | `--leaf 26
#> `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 2 members at h = 0.262]
#> |--leaf 13
#> `--leaf 46
str(iris_clust, max.level = 3L) # Only the top of the dendrogram
#> --[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 150 members at h = 6.51]
#> |--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 77 members at h = 4.07]
#> | |--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 66 members at h = 2.55]
#> | | |--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 22 members at h = 1.47] ..
#> | | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 44 members at h = 2.39] ..
#> | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 11 members at h = 2.81]
#> | |--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 3 members at h = 1.18] ..
#> | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 8 members at h = 1.72] ..
#> `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 73 members at h = 5.74]
#> |--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 24 members at h = 3.19]
#> | |--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 5 members at h = 1.8] ..
#> | `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 19 members at h = 1.83] ..
#> `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 49 members at h = 3.79]
#> |--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 7 members at h = 1.39] ..
#> `--[dendrogram w/ 2 branches and 42 members at h = 2.26] ..
# Dendrogram with base R graphics
plot(iris_clust)
plot(iris_clust, labels = FALSE, hang = 0.1)
abline(h = 3.5, col = "red")
# Horizontal dendrogram
plot(iris_clust, type = "horizontal", labels = FALSE)
abline(v = 3.5, col = "red")
# Circular dendrogram
plot(iris_clust, type = "circular", labels = FALSE)
circle(d = 3.5, col = "red")
# Chart version of the dendrogram
chart(iris_clust) +
geom_dendroline(h = 3.5, color = "red")
# Horizontal dendrogram and without labels
chart$horizontal(iris_clust, labels = FALSE) +
geom_dendroline(h = 3.5, color = "red")
# Circular dendrogram with labels
chart$circ(iris_clust, circ.text.size = 3) + # Abbreviate type and change size
geom_dendroline(h = 3.5, color = "red")
# Get the clusters
predict(iris_clust, h = 3.5)
#> [1] 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1
#> [38] 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 4 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 3 4 3 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 4 4 4 4
#> [75] 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 3 4 3 3 4 3 3 3 4 4 4 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 5 3 5 4 5 4
#> [112] 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 3 4 4 5 4 4 5 4 4 4 5 5 5 4 4 4 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
#> [149] 4 4
# Four clusters
predict(iris_clust, k = 4)
#> [1] 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
#> [38] 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 2 3 2 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 3 3 3 3
#> [75] 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 2 3 2 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 2 4 3 4 3
#> [112] 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 2 3 3 4 3 3 4 3 3 3 4 4 4 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
#> [149] 3 3
# Add the clusters to the data (.fitted column added)
augment(data = iris, iris_clust, k = 4)
#> # A tibble: 150 × 6
#> sepal_length sepal_width petal_length petal_width species .fitted
#> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <fct> <int>
#> 1 5.1 3.5 1.4 0.2 setosa 1
#> 2 4.9 3 1.4 0.2 setosa 1
#> 3 4.7 3.2 1.3 0.2 setosa 1
#> 4 4.6 3.1 1.5 0.2 setosa 1
#> 5 5 3.6 1.4 0.2 setosa 1
#> 6 5.4 3.9 1.7 0.4 setosa 1
#> 7 4.6 3.4 1.4 0.3 setosa 1
#> 8 5 3.4 1.5 0.2 setosa 1
#> 9 4.4 2.9 1.4 0.2 setosa 1
#> 10 4.9 3.1 1.5 0.1 setosa 1
#> # ℹ 140 more rows